This comprehensive review of current literature on human trafficking into and within the United States focuses on surveying what the social science or other literature has found about the issues of identifying and effectively serving trafficking victims. A more specific focus concerns the phenomenon of domestic trafficking (trafficking involving U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents.
The United States follows the widely used “3P” paradigm — prosecution, protection, and prevention — to combat human trafficking worldwide. In addition, the Department of State employs a “4th P” — for partnership — as a complementary means to achieve progress across the 3Ps and enlist all segments of society in the fight against modern slavery.
The United Nations (UN) divides human trafficking into three categories—sex trafficking, labour trafficking, and the removal of organs —and defines human trafficking as the induction by force, fraud, or coercion of a person to engage in the sex trade, or the harbouring, transportation, or obtaining of a person for labour service or organ removal.
Washington D.C. has the highest human trafficking rate in the United States of 11.66 victims per 100,000 people. In 2019, there were 34 human trafficking cases reported in D.C., 18 of which were sex trafficking, 7 of which were labor trafficking, 7 were unspecified and 3 were sex and labor trafficking.
Human trafficking is not a problem unique to the United States, so it is necessary to examine how another country addresses trafficking from a legislative standpoint. The second chapter explores what role the international community and the media have played in potentially restricting Canadian human trafficking policy. A review of media.
Human trafficking victims can be from urban, suburban, or rural areas and can have varying levels of education. In the United States, most human trafficking victims come from within the country, or from Mexico and the Philippines. 5 While human trafficking can happen to anyone, some people in the United States are at greater risk.
Sex Trafficking is modern day slavery, happening everywhere in the United States. The victims can be U.S. citizens or of any nationality, age, socioeconomic status, or gender. Sex Trafficking is a highly profitable crime that exploits an adult through force, fraud, or coercion, or that engages a child in any form of commercial sexual exploitation.
The National Hotline has handled 51,919 cases since 2007, comprising one of the largest publicly available data sets on human trafficking in the United States. These aggregated, anonymized data help illuminate otherwise hidden trends, risk factors, methods of control, and other variables that allow this crime to manifest across the country.
Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including for surrogacy and ova removal.
Given the hidden nature of human trafficking, it is almost impossible to understand the full scope and scale of the issue. Amongst the most trusted sources for understanding the global situation is the research by the International Labour Organization (ILO). An estimated 40.3 million victims are trapped in modern-day slavery.
The United States Advisory Council on Human Trafficking—comprising survivor leaders presidentially appointed to advise the Executive Branch on anti-trafficking policies—defined “survivor-informed” in its 2019 annual report as the incorporation of survivor expertise from inception through development and completion of efforts relating to all forms of anti-trafficking work.
According to Dr. Potocky who is a specialist in refugee resettlement, human rights, international social work, and research methodology “TVPA focused on international trafficking, including reducing trafficking globally, providing assistance to immigrant victims of trafficking in the United States, and prosecuting traffickers” (Potocky 373).